Maps don't have to be of the Earth, and they don't need to be two-dimensional, but for our purposes here, we will limit ourselves to those characteristics.Ī road map of Rhode Island is a reference map, whereas a map correlating cookie consumption and social media app preference in Rhode Island (full disclosure: we don't know if such a map exists) is a thematic map. The scale of reality is 1:1, whereas a large-scale map might be 1:5,000 and a small-scale map of the world may be around 1:20 million or more at the Equator. Reference Maps DefinitionĪ map, as you know, is a representation of spatial features at a smaller scale than reality. Keep reading to learn more about different types of reference maps, some examples, and more. Mostly, what people are talking about are reference maps: the kinds with lots of features and colors, like the National Geographic map supplements that have come with the magazine for over a century, or those trusty road atlases that are still indispensable when there's no cell signal. Where would we be without maps, anyway? Driving would certainly be messy, and let's not even talk about flying. *Students must look at satellite images of before and after events such as hurricane Katrina."You just make maps, right?" People who don't really know what geographers do (we suspect that's a lot of folks out there) usually do seem to know that cartography is centrally important to our trade. Satellites orbit earth repeatedly therefore, images of a location made at different times can be used to study changes over time. Remote sensing is the process of collecting information about an area without coming into physical c contact with it. This type of data collection once took months to collect and now takes hours or minutes. GIS combine data collected from many different sources including satellites, scanners and aerial photographs. ![]() Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computerized information systems used to store and analyze map data. *The students should know that a satellite image consists of pictures of Earth taken from space. ![]() The student may use a ratio scale to determine the appropriate map scale when drawing a map. *Students should also know that the map scale is the relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground for example 1centimeter is equal to 1 kilometer. At times some maps will include symbols such as highways, buildings, streams, rivers, etc. The aerial view is an image representing the landform from above (view from the sky), while a lateral view is the side view of the landform (profile). *Students should also be able to distinguish between an aerial view and a lateral view. When contour lines are very close to one another this indicates a steep slope, when contour lines are much further apart then this means that the landform has a gradual incline. The spacing between the contour lines indicates the slope of the landform, the slope is a measure of the steepness of the land. The contour interval is the elevation difference between contour lines that are next to one another on the map, this changes from one map to another. ![]() These index contour lines (darker, bold lines) give the map-reader a point of reference from which to begin reading the map, then the student may find the contour interval. ![]() Not every contour line is labeled on a topographic map, only the lines called index contour lines will be given an elevation. Contour lines on the map are lines that connect points of equal elevation. *Student should know the difference between elevation and relief, elevation is the height above sea level of any point on earth’s surface and relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point in an area. A topographic map shows the detailed shapes of earth’s surface, along with its natural and human made features. *Students must know how to read and explain topographic maps.
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